Figure 3-9

Figure 3-9. Justices’ support for free speech by the party of the appointing president, chief justice era, and the ideological content of the expression, 1953-2017 terms

Court Era	Left-Leaning Speech		Right-Leaning Speech
	Democratic Appointees	Republican Appointees	Democratic Appointees	Republican Appointees
Warren Court	71	73	77	76
Burger Court	63	49	69	62
Rehnquist Court	49	48	58	61
Roberts Court	42	24	47	68

Source: Lee Epstein, Andrew Martin, and Kevin Quinn, 6+ Decades of Freedom of Expression in the U.S. Supreme Court (Report prepared for the New York Times, June 30, 2018). See also Adam Liptak, “How Conservatives Weaponized the First Amendment,” New York Times (June 30, 2018).

Note: Warren Court: 1953-1968 terms; Burger Court: 1969-1985 terms; Rehnquist Court: 1986-2004 terms; Roberts Court: 2005-2017 terms.